Bibliography

 

[1] Ascione, FR & Arkow P (1999) Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse: Linking the Circles of Compassion for Prevention and Intervention Purdue University Press, 1999

​

Peterson LP & Farrington DP (2007) Victims and Offenders Volume 2 2007- Issue 1 pp 21-43

​

Ascione, F.R. (1998) Battered women's reports of their partners and their childrens cruelty to animals. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1 (1),119-133

 

Boat, B (2002)‘Empathy as an indicator of emotional development ’in The link between animal abuse and human violence‘ (ed) Linzey, A, Sussex Academic Press Boat, B (2002)

 

Wright, J and Hensley, C (2003) ‘The tangled web of animal abuse: The links between cruelty to animals and human violence, in R Lockwood and FR Ascione(eds) Cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence West Lafayette, IN: Perdue University Press, 1998

 

[2] ​Thompson, K. L., & Gullone, E. (2006). An investigation into the association between the witnessing of animal abuse and adolescents’ behavior toward animals. (3), 221-243

 

Daly, B., & Morton, L. L. (2008). Empathic correlates of witnessing the inhumane killing of an animal: An investigation of single and multiple exposures. , (3), 243-255.

      

Beetz, AM (2009) Animal abuse and exposure to interparental violence in Italian youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18 (3), 258-281

 

Bandura. A (1973) , Aggression: A social learning theory analysis ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1973

 

Flynn, C. P. (1999). Animal abuse in childhood and later support for interpersonal violence in families. , (2), 161-172.

             Miller, K. S., & Knutson, J. F. (1997). Reports of severe physical punishment and exposure to animal cruelty by inmates convicted of felonies and by university students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(1), 59-82.

​

            Girardi, A., & Pozzulo, J. D. (2015). Childhood Experiences with Family Pets and Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adulthood. Anthrozoös, 28(3), 421-436.

​

           McDonald, S. E., Graham-Bermann, S. A., Maternick, A., Ascione, F. R., & Williams, J. H. (2016). Patterns of adjustment among children exposed to intimate partner violence: a person-centered approach. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9(2), 137-152.

​

Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. J. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: prevalence, risks, and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 298.

 

Dutton, D. G. (2000). Witnessing parental violence as a traumatic experience shaping the abusive personality. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 3(1), 59-67.

 

Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797-810.

 

Flynn, C. P. (2011). Examining the links between animal abuse and human violence. Crime, Law and Social Change, 55(5), 453-468.

 

Kellert, S. R., & Felthous, A. R. (1985). Childhood cruelty toward animals among criminals and noncriminals. Human relations, 38(12), 1113-1129.

 

Merz-Perez, L., Heide, K. M., & Silverman, I. J. (2001). Childhood cruelty to animals and subsequent violence against humans. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(5), 556-573.

 

Wright, J., & Hensley, C. (2003). From animal cruelty to serial murder: Applying the graduation hypothesis. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 47(1), 71-88.

 

  ​[3] Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

 

[4] Plant et al (2016). “It’s a Dog’s Life”: Culture, Empathy, Gender, and Domestic Violence Predict Animal Abuse in Adolescents—Implications for Societal Health

Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vol 34, Issue 10

 

[5]  https://www.fve.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/004-Stray-dogs-position-paper-adopted.pdf   https://www.oie.int/  https://www.who.int/

 

[6] https://rm.coe.int/16802f5aff   FAQ Item 3  https://rm.coe.int/168007a67d

 

[7] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U_WUNhyDA.

 

​[8] Piaget, J. (1957). Construction of reality in the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

 

[9] Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press

 

[10] Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

​

​[11] Neustatter, A (1998) ‘Killers‘ animal instincts: The sadistic fantasies thet drive serial killers have their roots in childhood – There is a compelling link with cruelty to animals, The Independent, 13 October

 

[12] From Levin, J and Arluke, A in 'The Link Between Animal Abuse and Human Violence' ed Andrew Linzey:

 

​[13] Gullone, E. (2012). Animal cruelty, Antisocial Behaviour and Aggression: More than a link. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., Hampshire.

 

[14] Hartup, W.W. (2005). The development of aggression. In R.E. Tremblay, W.W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental Origins of Aggression (pp. 3-22). Guilford Press: New York.

 

[15] Farrington, D.P. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later life outcomes. In D.J. Peplar & H.K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 5-29). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

​

​[16] Dishion, T. J., French, D. C., & Patterson, G. R. (1995). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 2: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 421-471). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.

 

[17] Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behaviour in youth. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 3, Social, emotional, and personality development, pp. 719-788). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc

 

[18] Anderson, C.A. (2002). Aggression. (p. 68-78). In E. Borgatta & R. Montgomery (Eds). The Encyclopedia of Sociology. (2nd Ed.), New York: MacMillan.

​

​[19] Dadds, M. R., Turner, C. M., & McAloon, J. (2002). Developmental links between cruelty to animals and human violence. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 35, 363-382

 

​[21] Brown, L. (1988).Cruelty to animals: The moral debt. London: Macmillan

 

​[22] Dadds, M.R. (2008). Conduct problems and cruelty to animals in children: What is the link? In F.R. Ascione (ed). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 111-131). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.

 

​[23] Gullone, E. (2012). Animal cruelty, Antisocial Behaviour and Aggression: More than a link. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., Hampshire.

 

[24] Ascione, F. R. (2009). Examining children’s exposure to violence in the context of animal abuse. In A. Linzey (Ed.), The link between animal abuse and human violence (pp. 106-115). Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press.

 

[25] http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_344_en.pdf

 

[26] http://www.inscop.ro/august-2013violenta-in-familie-i/

 

[27] https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Statistics/Pages/Market-research-statistics-US-Pet-Ownership-Demographics-Sourcebook.aspx

 

[28] Schaefer, K. D., Hays, K. A., & Steiner, R. L. (2007). Animal abuse issues in ther-apy: A survey of therapists’ attitudes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 530-537. 

Animal Abuse Issues in Therapy: A Survey of Therapists' Attitudes Professional Psychology Research and Practice 38(5):530-537 · October 2007

 

[29] https://www.europeanlinkcoalition.com/cycles-of-abuse

 

 

[30] Arluke, A., & Luke, C. (1997). Physical cruelty toward animals in Massachusetts, 1975-1996. Society and Animals, 5, 195-204.

 

Coston, C., & Protz, C.M. (1998). Kill your dog, beat your wife, screw your neighbour’s kids, rob a bank? A cursory look at an individuals’ vat of social chaos resulting from deviance. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 26, 153- 158.

 

[31] Arluke & Luke, 1997;Gullone, E., & Clarke, J. (2008). Human-Animal Interactions: The Australian Perspective. In F. Ascione (Ed.), The International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty (pp. 305-335). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press

 

[32] Kellert, S. R., & Felthous, A. R. (1985). Childhood cruelty toward animals among criminals and noncriminals. Human Relations, 38(12), 1113-1129.

 

Rigdon, J. D., & Tapia, F. (1977). Children who are cruel to animals: A follow-up study. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 8, 27-36.

 

​[33] Flynn, C. P. (1999a). Animal abuse in childhood and later support for interpersonal violence in families. Society and Animals, 7, 161-172.

 

[34] , Flynn, C.P. (2011). Examining the links between animal abuse and human violence. Crime, Law and Social Change, 55, 453-468.

 

​[35] Schwartz, C.E., Wright, C.I., Shin, L.M., Kagan, J., & Rauch, S.L. (2003). Inhibited and ininhibited infants "Grown Up": Adult amygdalar response to novelty. Science, 300, no. 5627, 1952-1953.

 

[36] Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51.

 

Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330-366.

 

​[37] Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callousunemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375.

 

​[38] Frick, P.J., & Dickens, C. (2006). Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8, 59-72.

 

​[39] Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371-410

 

​[40]Baldry, A. C. (2005). Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15, 97-110

 

[41] Thompson, K.L., & Gullone, E. (2006). An investigation into the association between the witnessing of animal abuse and adolescents’ behavior toward animals. Society and Animals, 14, 223-243.

 

[42] Gullone, E., & Clarke, J. (2008). Human-Animal Interactions: The Australian Perspective. In F. Ascione (Ed.), The International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty (pp. 305-335). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.

 

[43] , Flynn, C.P. (1999b). Exploring the link between corporal punishment and children's cruelty to animals. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 61, 971-981.

 

​[44] Baldry, A. C. (2005). Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15, 97-110.

 

[45] Thompson, K.L., & Gullone, E. (2006). An investigation into the association between the witnessing of animal abuse and adolescents’ behavior toward animals. Society and Animals, 14, 223-243.

 

​[46] Gullone, E., & Robertson, N. (2008). The relationship between bullying and animal abuse in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 371-379.

 

[47] Arluke, A., & Luke, C. (1997). Physical cruelty toward animals in Massachusetts, 1975-1996. Society and Animals, 5, 195-204

 

​[48] Gullone, E., & Clarke, J. (2008). Human-Animal Interactions: The Australian Perspective. In F. Ascione (Ed.), The International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty (pp. 305-335). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.

 

[49]  Arluke, A., & Luke, C. (1997). Physical cruelty toward animals in Massachusetts,1975-1996. Society and Animals, 5, 195-204.

 

[50]  Gullone, E., & Clarke, J. (2008). Human-Animal Interactions: The Australian Perspective. In F. Ascione (Ed.), The International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty (pp. 305-335). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.

 

​[51] Ressler, R. K., Burgess, A. W., Hartman, C. R., Douglas, J. E., & McCormack, A. (1986). Murderers who rape and mutilate. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 273-287.

 

[52] Arluke and Luke (1997)[n49]

 

​[53] Cummings, E.M. (1987). Coping with background anger in early childhood. Child Development. 58, 976-984.

 

Davies, P.T., Myers, R.L., Cummings, E.M., & Heindel, S. (1999). Adult conflict history and children’s subsequent responses to conflict: An experimental test. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 610-628.

 

Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445-479.

 

Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1525-1542.

 

[54] Ascione, F. R., Weber, C. V., Thompson, T. M., Heath, J., Maruyama, M., & Hayashi, K. (2007). Battered pets and domestic violence: Animal abuse reported by women experiencing intimate violence and by nonabused women. Violence Against Women, 13, 354-373.

 

[55] Currie, C. L. (2006). Animal cruelty by children exposed to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 425-435.

​​

​[56]DeGue, S., & DiLillo, D. (2009). Is animal cruelty a "red flag" for family violence?: Investigating co-occurring violence toward children, partners, and pets. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 1036-1056.

 

[58] Thompson and Gullone (2006){n45}

 

​[59] Hensley, C., & Tallichet, S. E. (2005). Animal cruelty motivations: Assessing demographic and situational influences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 1429-1443.

 

[60]Bandura. A (1973) , Aggression: A social learning theory analysis ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1973

​

[61] Henry, B. C. (2004a). Exposure to animal abuse and group context: Two factors affecting participation in animal abuse. Anthrozoos, 17, 290-305.

 

[62] Gullone and Robertson (2008)[n46]

 

[63]Baldry, A. C. (2005). Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15, 97-110

 

[64] Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of aggression. Journal of Communication, Summer, 12-29.

 

[65] Flynn, 1999b; 2000; Henry, 2004b; Hensley & Tallichet, 2005)

 

[66]  Henry, B. C. (2004a). Exposure to animal abuse and group context: Two factors affecting participation in animal abuse. Anthrozoos, 17, 290-305.

 

[67] Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

 

[68]  Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). The stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20(6), 1120 1134.

 

​[69]Huesmann, L.R., & Guerra, N.G. (1997). Children's normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 72, 408-419.

 

[70] Deviney, E., Dickert, J., & Lockwood, R. (1983). The care of pets within child abusing families. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 4, 321-329.

 

​[71]Tapia, F. (1971). Children who are cruel to animals. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 2, 70-77.

 

[72] Tapia (1971 ibid

 

​[73]Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330-366.

 

​[74] Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74, 1561-1576

 

​[75]Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc

 

[76] Baldry, A. C. (2005). Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15, 97-110

 

Flynn, C. P. (2000). Why family professionals can no longer ignore violence toward animals. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 49, 87-95

 

[77] Anderson & Huesmann, 2003 [n75]

 

[78] Anderson & Huesmann, 2003; ibid

 

[79] Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., et al. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and

prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review.

Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151-173

 

​[80] Becker, K. D., Stuewig, J., Herrera, V. M., & McCloskey, L. A. (2004). A study of firesetting and animal cruelty in children: Family influences and adolescent outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 905-912

 

Currie, C. L. (2006). Animal cruelty by children exposed to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 425-435

 

Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445-479.

 

Thompson & Gullone, 2006).[n2]

 

​[81] Felthous, A. R., & Kellert, S. R. (1986). Violence against animals and people: Is aggression against living creatures generalized? Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 14, 55-69.

 

Kellert, S. R., & Felthous, A. R. (1985). Childhood cruelty toward animals among

criminals and noncriminals. Human Relations, 38(12), 1113-1129.

 

[82] Kellert and Felthous (1985),[ibid]

 

​[83] Ressler, R.K., Burgess, A.W., & Douglas, J.E. (1988). Sexual homicide: Patterns and motives. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.

 

​[84] Miller, K.S., & Knutson, J.F. (1997). Reports of severe physical punishment and exposure to animal cruelty by inmates convicted of felonies and by university students. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 59-82.

 

​[85] Flynn, C.P. (1999b). Exploring the link between corporal punishment and children's cruelty to animals. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 61, 971-981.

 

​[86] Ascione, F. R., Friedrich, W. N., Heath, J., & Hayashi, K. (2003). Cruelty to animals in normative, sexually abused, and outpatient psychiatric samples of 6- to 12- year-old children: Relations to maltreatment and exposure to domestic violence. Anthrozoos, 16, 194-212.

 

​[87] Duncan, A., Thomas, J. C., & Miller, C. (2005). Significance of family risk factors in development of childhood animal cruelty in adolescent boys with conduct problems. Journal of Family Violence, 20, 235-239.

 

​[88] Marcus-Newhall, A., Pederson, W.C., Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (2000). Displaced aggression is alive and well: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 670-689.

 

​[89] Pederson, W.C., Gonzales, C., & Miller, N. (2000). The moderating effect of trivial triggering provocation on displaced aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 913-927.

 

[90] Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

 

[91] Kellert, S. R., & Felthous, A. R. (1985). Childhood cruelty toward animals among criminals and noncriminals. Human Relations, 38(12), 1113-1129.

 

[92] Anderson, C.A. (2002). Aggression. (p. 68-78). In E. Borgatta & R. Montgomery

(Eds). The Encyclopedia of Sociology. (2nd Ed.), New York: MacMillan.

Huesmann, L. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13-24

 

[93] Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51.

 

[94] Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.

Todorov, A., & Bargh, J.A. (2002). Automatic sources of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 53-68.

 

[95] Huesmann, L. (1986). Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 125-139

 

​[96] Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51.

 

[97] Anderson & Bushman, 2002) ibid

 

[98] Huesmann, L. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13-24.

 

[99] Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc

 

[100] Gouze, K.R. (1987). Attention and social problem solving as correlates of aggression in preschool males. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 181-197.

 

[101] Dodge, K.A., & Tomlin, A. (1987). Utilization of self-schemas as a mechanism of attributional bias in aggressive children. Social Cognition, 5, 280-300.

 

​[102] Stromquist, V.J., & Strauman, T.J. (1991). Children's social constructs: Nature, assessment, and association with adaptive versus maladaptive behavior. Social Cognition. 9, 330-358.

 

​[103]Pollak, S.D., & Tolley-Schell, S.A. (2003). Selective Attention to Facial Emotion in Physically Abused Children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 323–338.

 

[104] Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

 

[105] Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51. Crick, N.R., & Dodge, K.A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing mechanisms in children’s adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101

 

​[106] Dadds, M.R. (2008). Conduct problems and cruelty to animals in children: What is the link? In F.R. Ascione (ed). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 111-131). West

Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press

 

[107] Lemerise, E.A. and Arsenio, W.F. (2000) An Integrated Model of Emotion Processes and Cognition in social Information Processing. Child Development, 71, 107-118. 

 

[108]  Anderson, C.A. & Huesmann, L.R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view.: In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds). The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. (pp. 296-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc

 Eisenberg, N., Champion, C., & Ma, Y. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: An

emerging construct. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 236-259.

 

[109] Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analyses. New York: Academic Press

 

[110] ( Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children's prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50(2), 319-330.

 

[111] Schultz, D., Izard, C. E., & Bear, G. (2004). Children's emotion processing: Relations to emotionality and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 16 371- 387

 

​[112] Ascione, F. R., Thompson, T. M., & Black, T. (1997). Childhood cruelty to animals: Assessing cruelty dimensions and motivations. Anthrozoos, 10, 170-179.

 

[113] ( Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36, 531-546.

 

Luk, Staiger, Wong, & Mathai, 1999) Luk, E. S., Staiger, P. K., Wong, L., & Mathai, J. (1999). Children who are cruel to animals: A revisit. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33,29-36.

 

[114] Miller, C. (2001). Childhood animal cruelty and interpersonal violence. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 735-749.

 

​[115] Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callousunemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375.

 

​[116] McPhedran, S. (2009). A review of the evidence for associations between empathy, violence, and animal cruelty. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 1-4

 

​[117] Poresky, R. H. (1990). The Young Children's Empathy Measure: Reliability, validity and effects of companion animal bonding. Psychological Reports, 66, 931-936.

 

Vidovic, V. V., Stetic, V. V. and Bratko, D. (1999). Pet ownership, type of pet and socio-emotional development of school children. Anthrozoos, 12, 211-217.

 

[118] Poresky RH (1990) ibid

 

[119] Vidovic, Stetic and Bratko (1999[n117]

 

[120] Thompson and Gullone (2008)[n10]

 

​[121] Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Tannenbaum, L., & et al. (1993). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 319-340

 

Luk, E. S., Staiger, P. K., Wong, L., & Mathai, J. (1999). Children who are cruel to animals: A revisit. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 29-36.

 

[122] Farrell, Mehari, Kramer-Kuhn, & Goncy, 2014; The Impact of Victimization and Witnessing Violence on Physical Aggression Among High‐Risk Adolescents Child DevelopmentVolume85, Issue4July/August 2014 Pages 1694-1710

 

[123] Flynn, C. P. (1999a). Animal abuse in childhood and later support for interpersonal violence in families. Society and Animals, 7, 161-172.Miller & Knutson, 1996